ZALECENIE Nr 87
Sesja Konferencji: 32
MIĘDZYNARODOWEJ ORGANIZACJI PRACY
dotyczące poradnictwa zawodowego.
Recommendation concerning Vocational Guidance
The General Conference of the International Labour Organisation,
Having been convened at Geneva by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office, and having met in its Thirty-second Session on 8 June 1949, and
Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals concerning vocational guidance which is the ninth item on the agenda of the session, and
Having determined that the proposals shall take the form of a Recommendation,
adopts this first day of July of the year one thousand nine hundred and forty-nine, the following Recommendation, which may be cited as the Vocational Guidance Recommendation, 1949:
I. General
1. For the purpose of this Recommendation the term vocational guidance means assistance given to an individual in solving problems related to occupational choice and progress with due regard for the individual's characteristics and their relation to occupational opportunity.
2. Vocational guidance is based on the free and voluntary choice of the individual; its primary object is to give him full opportunity for personal development and satisfaction from work, with due regard for the most effective use of national manpower resources.
3. Vocational guidance is a continuous process, the fundamental principles of which are the same irrespective of the age of the individuals being counselled. These principles have an immediate importance for the welfare of individuals everywhere and for the prosperity of all countries.
4. Facilities for vocational guidance should be adapted to the peculiar needs of each country and be adopted progressively. Their development within each country should proceed from a widespread understanding of the purpose of vocational guidance, the establishment of an adequate administrative structure, and the provision of technically qualified personnel.
II. Scope
5. To the maximum possible extent consistent with national and local policy and resources, public vocational guidance facilities should be provided for all persons requiring such assistance.
6. Special provision should be made for:
(a) programmes suitable for young persons, including those in school, who require counselling on problems related to entering occupations or planning careers, and
(b) programmes suitable for all other persons who require counselling on employment and related vocational problems; such persons are referred to hereafter in this Recommendation as adults.
III. Principles and Methods of Vocational Guidance for Young Persons Including Those in School
7.
(1) Vocational guidance policies and programmes should be determined through the co-operative efforts of the schools and other organisations and services concerned with young persons in the transition from school to work, and the representative organisations of employers and workers, to the end that each young person receiving vocational guidance may have the benefit of unified and co-ordinated assistance.
(2) These co-operative efforts should also include consultation and co-operation with the parents and guardians concerned and with associations of parents where such exist.
(3) In applying these general principles, due account should be taken of the principles of administrative organisation set forth in Part V of this Recommendation.
8.
(1) During the period of general education, preliminary vocational guidance should be included within the educational programme. Such guidance should be primarily designed to make the young person aware of his aptitudes, qualifications and interests and of the various occupations and careers so as to facilitate future vocational adjustment.
(2) The preliminary vocational guidance should receive increasing emphasis at those stages of schooling at which the young person may choose to enter special vocational courses or seeks other training or employment on leaving school.
(3) The preliminary vocational guidance should include--
(a) the provision, in suitable form, of comprehensive occupational and industrial information;
(b) whenever possible in the national and local circumstances, visits, adequately supervised, to industrial and commercial establishments and other workplaces; and
(c) counselling by means of personal interview supplemented by group discussions or talks.
9. The methods of vocational guidance for young persons set forth in Paragraphs 10 to 15 should be given particular attention and their use encouraged to the widest practicable extent.
10.
(1) Each young person seeking vocational guidance should be provided with adequate opportunity for a counselling interview with a vocational guidance officer, more particularly at the time he may be able to choose specific vocational courses, or to leave school for other occupational training (including apprenticeship) or for work.
(2) Methods of interview should be continuously adapted with a view to ensuring the most complete analysis possible of individual ability in relation to occupational opportunities and requirements.
11. Records of school progress, including, as desired and as appropriate in individual cases, an elevation of capacity, educational attainments, aptitudes and personality, should be used as may be considered appropriate for vocational guidance with due respect to the confidential character of the information contained therein.
12.
(1) The facilities for the medical examination of young persons should be utilised as appropriate and developed as necessary for purposes of vocational guidance.
(2) Advice for remedial action and such other help as may be possible and useful for the purposes of vocational adjustment should be provided as needed in each individual case.
13.
(1) Wherever practicable, appropriate tests of capacity and aptitude and, where so desired, other psychological tests should be made available for use in vocational guidance as appropriate to the needs of individual cases.
(2) Advice for remedial action and such other help as may be possible and useful for the purposes of vocational adjustment should be made available in individual cases.
14.
(1) Suitable and reliable information regarding careers in the different occupations and industries and regarding employment and training opportunities should be made available to young persons through counselling interviews and otherwise, with due regard for the aptitudes, physical capacities, qualifications, preferences and personality of the young person concerned and the prospective needs of the economy.
(2) In this connection the competent authorities should maintain continuous co-operation with such other public and private bodies, including more particularly the representative organisations of employers and workers, as are able--
(a) to provide information concerning probable future openings in each industry, trade or occupation, and
(b) to assist with the preparation and conclusion of contracts of apprenticeship and to supervise their application.
15. Consideration should also be given to the desirability of ascertaining the aptitudes of young persons by providing opportunity for appropriate work experience and by other similar means.
16. Special attention should be given to the development, within the framework of the general vocational guidance services, of adequate and appropriate arrangements for the vocational guidance of young persons in rural areas.
17. Special attention should be given to the development, within the framework of the general vocational guidance services, and in co-operation with the appropriate rehabilitation services, of adequate and appropriate arrangements for the vocational guidance of young persons--
(a) who have physical or mental handicaps or limitations, or
(b) who manifest personality disorders of such a nature as to prevent or make specially difficult their vocational adjustment.
18. The competent national and local authorities should encourage full voluntary use of vocational guidance facilities, more particularly in the case of--
(a) young persons who may choose among several vocational courses within the school;
(b) young persons who are near school-leaving age;
(c) young persons who are entering the employment market for the first time;
(d) young persons who are seeking admission to apprenticeship or other vocational training;
(e) young persons who are unemployed, who are employed in declining industries or who are likely to become unemployed;
(f) young persons who have physical or mental handicaps or limitations; or
(g) young persons who manifest personality disorders of such a nature as to prevent or make specially difficult their vocational adjustment.
19. The competent authorities should take the necessary measures to facilitate the execution of the young persons' vocational plans wherever these are feasible;where appropriate in individual cases suggestions should be made for carrying out these plans and assistance should be provided in making the necessary contacts with other services or persons also concerned with placing the young person in training or employment in the occupation chosen by him.
20.
(1) The competent authorities should take measures to organise follow-up aimed primarily at assisting in so far as possible the young person to overcome any difficulties he may be experiencing in following his vocational plans and ascertaining whether the occupation selected is proving suitable.
(2) Wherever possible, methods of follow-up should include general enquiries on a sampling basis to measure the results of vocational guidance in individual cases and to evaluate vocational guidance policy and methods. Such enquiries should permit of securing medical information in co-operation, where possible, with the medical facilities existing at workplaces.
IV. Principles and Methods of Vocational Guidance for Adults (Employment Counselling)
21.
(1) Appropriate arrangements for adults should be made within the framework of the public vocational guidance services to assist any person requiring aid in choosing an occupation or in changing his occupation.
(2) The process involved in rendering this assistance is referred to in this Recommendation as employment counselling.
22. The process of employment counselling should include, as far as practicable in the national circumstances and as appropriate in individual cases--
(a) interview with an employment counsellor;
(b) examination of record of work experience;
(c) examination of scholastic or other records relating to education or training received;
(d) medical examination;
(e) appropriate tests of capacity and aptitude, and, where so desired, other psychological tests;
(f) ascertainment of aptitudes by appropriate work experience and by other similar means;
(g) technical trade tests, either verbal or otherwise, in all cases where such seem necessary;
(h) analysis of physical capacity in relation to occupational requirements;
(i) provision of information concerning employment and training opportunities relating to the qualifications, physical capacities, aptitudes, preferences and experience of the person concerned and to the needs of the employment market;
(j) follow-up, on a sampling basis, aimed at discovering whether satisfactory placement in employment, training or retraining has been achieved and at evaluating employment counselling policy and methods.
23.
(1) The competent national and local bodies should take all necessary measures to encourage the extended use, on a voluntary basis, of employment counselling services in the case of--
(a) persons entering employment for the first time;
(b) persons unemployed for a long period;
(c) persons unemployed or likely to be unemployed, as a result of declining industries or changes in the technique, structure or location of industry;
(d) persons living in rural areas who comprise surplus manpower in the light of current or prospective employment opportunity;
(e) persons desirous of benefiting from public facilities for vocational training and readjustment.
(2) All necessary and practicable measures should be taken to develop, within the framework of the general vocational guidance facilities and with the co-operation of any appropriate rehabilitation services when the person requires such assistance, specialised employment counselling for physically disabled persons and those having personality disorders that hinder their vocational adjustment.
(3) All necessary and practicable measures should be taken to develop, within the framework of the general vocational guidance facilities, specialised employment counselling for technicians, professional workers, salaried employees and executive staff.
24. Special attention should be given, in connection with employment counselling, to the development of appropriate methods for the technical selection of workers for particular occupations and industries.
V. Principles of Administrative Organisation
25. Vocational guidance and employment counselling should be organised and co-ordinated on the basis of a comprehensive general programme, established and developed in the light of regional and local conditions and adaptable to changes in such conditions.
26. In order to encourage the development of vocational guidance and employment counselling facilities, provision should be made by the central authorities (including, where appropriate, the central authorities of the federated units of federal States) for--
(a) adequate financing of such facilities;
(b) appropriate technical assistance; and
(c) development of methods and materials suitable for use on a nationwide basis.
27. All necessary and desirable measures should be taken by the competent authorities to secure effective co-operation, nationally and locally, between the public and private bodies engaged in vocational guidance or employment counselling activities.
A. Administrative Arrangements for Vocational Guidance for Young Persons, including Those in School
28.
(1) The competent authorities should make appropriate arrangements for the co-ordination, nationally and locally, of policy and action in the field of vocational guidance, due regard being paid to the responsibility of the parents and to the appropriate functions of private vocational guidance bodies.
(2) These arrangements should be directed more particularly towards--
(a) maintaining effective public service to young persons, in co-operation with other interested agencies as appropriate without duplication of effort; and
(b) facilitating, as may be desirable and with due respect for confidential data, the exchange of information concerning--
(i) the extent and character of the need for vocational guidance services and of the facilities already available;
(ii) the young persons applying for vocational guidance;
(iii) industries, trades and occupations;
(iv) employment and training opportunities; and
(v) the preparation and use of vocational guidance materials including appropriate tests.
29.
(1) National and local administrative responsibility for vocational guidance should be clearly defined.
(2) With due regard to this division of authority, primary responsibility should be entrusted either--
(a) jointly to the education and employment service authorities; or
(b) to one of these authorities working in close co-operation with the other.
30.
(1) Appropriate arrangements should be made through advisory committees for the co-operation of representatives of employers and workers in the development of vocational guidance policy.
(2) Such committees should be maintained nationally and as far as possible locally and should normally include representatives of the public and private bodies concerned with education, training (including apprenticeship), vocational guidance and other questions directly affecting the vocational adjustment of young persons.
B. Administrative Arrangements for Vocational Guidance for Adults (Employment Counselling)
31.
(1) Administrative responsibility for employment counselling should be entrusted primarily to the public employment service, with due regard to the administrative responsibility assigned by public authority to educational or other agencies.
(2) The offices of the public employment service should include, at each administrative stage so far as practicable, specialised employment counselling units or officers.
(3) Administrative arrangements should be made to ensure, as may be necessary or desirable, co-operation by the public employment service with specialised employment counselling services maintained for special groups or persons.
32. Appropriate arrangements should be made, nationally and locally, to ensure that employment counselling is organised in close relation with--
(a) all other activities of the employment service;
(b) other vocational guidance services;
(c) educational and training institutions;
(d) the administration of unemployment insurance and assistance schemes;
(e) the administration of training and retraining schemes and of other plans to promote occupational or geographical mobility of labour;
(f) the representative organisations of employers and workers; and
(g) public and private organisations providing rehabilitation services to disabled persons.
VI. Training of Officers
33.
(1) In order to secure the efficiency of the vocational guidance services, the competent authority should ensure the employment of an adequate number of officers with suitable training, experience and other qualifications, and should organise, to the fullest possible extent and in co-operation where appropriate with other bodies concerned, specialised scientific and technical training for vocational guidance staff.
(2) The measures to be taken should include, for example:
(a) the establishment by the competent authority of minimum qualifications for vocational guidance officers;
(b) the establishment by the competent authority of regulations for the selection of officers on the basis of such qualifications;
(c) the organisation of specialised training courses for persons seeking to undertake the work of vocational guidance;
(d) the provision of supplementary training and refresher courses for all officers; and
(e) the maintenance by the competent authority of conditions of appointment and employment sufficiently attractive to provide an inducement to qualified persons to undertake and continue in such work.
(3) Consideration should be given to--
(a) the interchange of vocational guidance officers among the different branches of the services with which they are respectively concerned;
(b) the publication of technical material suitable for developing the professional skill of officers.
(4) Where useful, the Members should co-operate for the purposes of training staff, availing themselves of the help of the International Labour Office if they so desire.
VII. Research and Publicity
34.
(1) Special measures should be taken on a co-ordinated basis, to promote public and private research and experiment in methods of vocational guidance.
(2) The public employment service should co-operate in such research.
(3) Wherever appropriate in the circumstances such research should include examination of such questions as--
(a) methods of interviewing;
(b) the analysis of the requirements of the different occupations;
(c) the provision of industrial and occupational information appropriate for vocational guidance;
(d) aptitude and other psychological testing;
(e) the development of model vocational guidance forms; and
(f) the measurement of the result of vocational guidance.
35. Systematic efforts should be made by the authorities responsible for vocational guidance in co-operation with employers' and workers' organisations and where appropriate with other bodies concerned, to promote wide public understanding of the purposes, principles and methods of vocational guidance.